• Climate teleconnections: distant interactions between climate systems

• Urban-land teleconnections: land changes linked to underlying urbanisation dynamics

• Economic globalization: trade and distant interactions between productive systems

Liu et al. Science. 347,(2015) Torres, J. et al. Science. 357, 970–971 (2017). Liu et al. Ecology & Society. 18 (2013).

If x causes y, then the behaviour of the causal variable (x) leaves a signature on the affected variable (y)

Criterion for CCM to be a rigorous test of causality:

• The cross-map prediction skill \(\rho\) with the full time-series is statistically significant
• Cross-map prediction converges \(\rho\) increases as more time-series is used

If x causes y, then the behaviour of the causal variable (x) leaves a signature on the affected variable (y)

Criterion for CCM to be a rigorous test of causality:

• The cross-map prediction skill \(\rho\) with the full time-series is statistically significant
• Cross-map prediction converges \(\rho\) increases as more time-series is used